By: Umar Mushtaq
Kashmir often referred to as Paradise of Earth has been celebrated for its pristine environment,
fresh mountain air, and lush green landscapes. The valleys unique geography surrounded by the
Himalayas and nourished by dense forests—traditionally protected it from the severe air pollution
seen in many other parts of the Indian subcontinent. However, in recent years, Kashmir has
begun to experience a worrying rise in its Air Quality Index (AQI). While several AQI platforms
report Srinagar’s air quality index as unhealthy-both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations remain
significantly elevated, reflecting a notable rise in overall pollution levels.Inspite of clear weather
and low wind, pollutants remain trapped, worsening overall air quality in the valley. While local
factors such as increasing vehicle usage, construction activities, and seasonal biomass burning
contribute to this shift, a significant part of the problem lies beyond Kashmir’s own borders. The
valley is increasingly affected by pollution drifting from its adjacent neighbours, both within India
and even across international boundaries.
One of the major reasons Kashmir is vulnerable to transboundary pollution is its geographical
position.Nestled in a bowl-shaped valley, it acts almost like a natural receptacle, whatever enters
the region’s atmosphere tends to remain trapped, particularly during the winter months when
temperature inversion prevents pollutants from rising and dispersing. As neighbouring regions
experience rising emissions, Kashmir often feels the indirect impact.
Towards south , Punjab and Haryana known for intensive agriculture play a substantial role,
especially during the stubble-burning season. Every year, large-scale burning of crop residues
releases massive amounts of smoke, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and noxious gases
into the air.Majority of this pollution devastates air quality in Delhi and the broader northern
plains, the atmospheric circulation patterns can occasionally transport these pollutants towards
Jammu & Kashmir. When wind directions shift Kashmir’s skies turn hazy thereby reducing
visibility and significantly elevating AQI levels.
Closer to home neighbouring Jammu region which has witnessed rapid urbanisation, vehicular
expansion, and industrial growth has also contributed to deteriorating air quality. Pollution
generated in districts like Udhampur, Samba and Kathua can travel northward, particularly during
specific wind cycles. While these towns expand economically their emissions inadvertently add
pressure on Kashmir’s fragile environment.
In addition to this climate change is amplifying the issue. The region now experiences longer dry
spells, reduced snowfall and warmer winters all of which worsen pollution levels. Dryenvironments allow dust and particulate matter to remain suspended in the air for longer periods
while the reduced frequency of rain and snow means fewer opportunities for natural atmospheric
cleansing. Thus pollutants entering the valley stay longer than before.
The rising AQI in Kashmir is not just an environmental concern it is a growing public health crisis.
Increasing cases of respiratory illnesses, chronic coughing, asthma and allergies are being
reported more frequently, even among younger populations who historically benefited from the
valley’s clean air. Tourism, one of Kashmir’s economic lifelines, may also face long-term
consequences if pollution continues unchecked.
The Underlying challenge requires coordinated regional cooperation rather than isolated efforts.
Kashmir valley alone cannot combat air pollution drifting from hundreds of kilometres away.
Strategies like controlling stubble burning, enforcing stricter industrial regulations and promoting
cleaner fuel alternatives are essential. At the same time Kashmir must continue strengthening its
own environmental policies expanding green cover, managing vehicle emissions and investing in
clean energy solutions.
Valley’s rising AQI serves as a stark reminder of how interconnected the environment truly is.
Protecting the valley’s air requires collective responsibility both within and beyond its borders
before the region loses the very natural purity it is known for.
The Author can be reached at - mumarmir@gmail.co